PDE5A and actinic keratosis: We observed a small association between the use of PDE5 inhibitors and malignant melanoma (hazard ratio = 1.14, 95% CI 1.01–1.29, p = 0.04), but we found evidence of a similar association between the use of PDE5 inhibitors and both basal cell carcinoma and solar keratosis, which are both related to sun exposure and were not hypothesised to be associated with PDE5 inhibitor use.