TNF and neoplasm: Our results demonstrated that 1–10 μg mL−1 of SA stimulation for 2–8 h resulted in stronger IL-1β expression than that in other experimental groups and at other durations. TNF-α works together with IL-1β in other cells, which, in turn, produce other cytokines and factors that lead to the activation of the acute phase of the immune response [38]. TNF-α exerts antiviral effects and may cause direct lysis of tumour cells [38].