In addition, pioglitazone treatment reduced the duration of atrial fibrillation (AF) and attenuated atrial structural remodeling including atrial fibrosis via attenuating the expression of TNFα, TGFβ1, and ERK but left unaffected p38 and JNK activation in the rabbit model with congestive heart failure [68]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atrial fibrillation.