To explore the molecular mechanism by which O-GlcNAcylation regulates migration and invasion of CCA cells, the expression of 17 metastasis associated genes reported to be the downstream signaling cascades of three O-GlcNAcylated proteins, namely Akt, β-catenin and NF-κB (Fig. 3A), that were determined in siOGT and siOGA treated cells. Here, AKT1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.