OSMR and infection: Since OSM may play an important role in HIV-1-associated neuropathogenesis [20, 29], we further investigated whether infection with a chimeric HIV-1 (EcoHIV/NL4-3-GFP virus (EcoHIV)) [39, 40] induces the expression of OSM and/or its receptors (OSMR-β and gp130) in cultured microglia and astrocytes.