Diet-induced obesity models show an increased expression of M2 and M3 muscarinic and P2X3 purinergic receptors in the urothelium and the smooth muscle, as well as of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel, purinergic P2X3 receptors and inducible NO synthase proteins in the urothelium. Here, P2RX3 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.