Although the aforementioned M and C cancer classes are at the top of a global genomic pattern analysis across various cancer types, there appear similar M and C classes in invasive ductal carcinoma, in which M and C represent low and high grade IDC characterized by PIK3CA, GATA3 or other gene mutations and TP53 mutation, MYC amplification, or other gene amplifications, respectively. Here, GATA3 is linked to invasive ductal breast carcinoma.