In these studies, similarly to our present study, TGFB1/Tgfb1, TIMP1/Timp1, COL3A1/Col3a1 and CXCL12/Cxcl12 were analyzed in human patients who suffered from BO following lung transplantation as well as in heterotopic tracheal transplantation (“BO-like”) and “IPF-like” bleomycin mouse models (Table 4) [10, 16–21]. Here, CXCL12 is linked to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.