Importantly, we also measured functional profile of CMV-specific CD4 T cells in these HIV-infected subjects (Fig 3B) and found that CMV-specific CD4 T cells at early HIV infection manifest a comparable functional profile with that in uninfected healthy donors; no significant reduction in expression of Th1 cytokines IFN-γ (N.S.)and MIP-1β (N.S.)was observed, although the IL-2 expression in CMV-specific CD4 T cells appeared to be impaired in HIV-infected subjects as compared to healthy subjects (p<0.01) (Fig 3B). Here, CCL4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.