CD4 and HIV infectious disease: In order to investigate longitudinal impact of HIV on C. albicans- and CMV-specific CD4 T-cell immunity in vivo, we first measured the proliferative responses of C. albicans- and CMV-specific CD4 T cells in PBMCs that were collected at early (mean CD4 count: 797) and chronic (mean CD4 count: 251) stages of HIV infection with time intervals of 2–6 years from the same HIV-infected individuals (Table 1).