TWIST1 and breast carcinoma: In our preliminary study, we showed that TWIST1 was necessary for MACC1-induced VM in GC[4], while TWIST1 expression promoted vascularization of breast carcinoma[17, 18] and supported the vascular development by upregulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A[19], which is the first form of identified pro-angiogenic factor[20, 21].