Saunders, Chalecka-Franaszek & Chuang (1997) reported that GAPDH was a major intracellular messenger mediating apoptosis of cells and GAPDH translocation to the nucleus was considered a crucial step in glucose-induced apoptosis of retinal Muller cells. Moreover, the role of GADPH in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy has been investigated by Kanwar & Kowluru (2009). Here, GAPDH is linked to diabetic retinopathy.