Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was reported to induce the overexpression of endothelin-1 and inflammatory cytokines, both of which stimulate vasoconstriction, proliferation, and remodeling, suggesting that the TGF-β signaling pathway may play a key role in the pathogenesis of PAH, both in humans and broilers [51,52]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.