The differentially expressed cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and chemokines like CCL5, RANTES, CXC3L1, fractalkine, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in pulmonary hypertension lesions affecting the heart, pulmonary artery and lung [12,14,15]. Here, TNF is linked to pulmonary hypertension.