Like Toro et al., increases in GFAP expression were correlated with duration of neuroleptic treatment.74 Although Catts et al.75 found no changes in GFAP mRNA expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls, a difference was observed in schizophrenia patients when they were stratified based on the presence of other neuroinflammatory markers including serpin peptidase inhibitor (SERPIN) A3, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and schizophrenia.