TNF and neoplasm: For instance, hypoxic conditions cause hypoxia-sensitive genes to be expressed in tumor cells, resulting in the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and granulocytes to the tumor microenvironment [29, 30], which will in turn contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)pathway and subsequent secretion of TNFα and other pro-inflammatory cytokines to promote cell proliferation [31].