NFKB1 and Insulin resistance: In dietary-induced insulin-resistant mouse model, chlorogenic acid attenuated inflammation through decreased mRNA encoding inflammatory cytokines such as Tnfα.14 Furthermore, chlorogenic acid reduced TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 production through attenuating toll-like receptor-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway.15