MAX and inflammatory bowel disease: In case of p38 MAPKs, cellular stressors, for example osmotic shock, inflammatory cytokines and growth factors are required for activation, which then phosphorylate transcription factors like ATF2, myc-associated factor X (Max) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) in order to regulate their respective signalling cascade in diseases like AD, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [137, 141].