RIGI and neoplasm: Although the anti-tumor activities of HVJ-E mainly depend on the retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I)/mitochondrial anti-viral signaling protein (MAVS) pathway, which recognizes viral RNA fragments in the cytoplasm, it has not yet been clearly demonstrated whether HVJ-E produces cytokines and chemokines independently of the TLR signaling pathway.