This strongly virulent strain infection was further demonstrated to have dose–response relations to both intima-media thickness and risk of developing atherosclerosis.32 Furthermore, Diomedi et al33 conducted a cohort study that enrolled new-onset IS patients with seropositive HP infection and found that CagA-positive patients had a higher risk of having stroke than CagA-negative patients, with a HR of 3.5. This evidence concerns the gene S100A8 and atherosclerosis.