Consistently, the mRNA levels of markers related to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, including Anp, Bnp, β-Mhc, collagen I, collagen III and Ctgf, were markedly elevated in the hearts of Traf6-TG mice compared with NTG controls (Supplementary Fig. 2d). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and cardiac hypertrophy.