Western blotting results indicated that TRAF6 protein levels were significantly increased in DCM and HCM human hearts (Fig. 1a,b), which occurred in parallel with the upregulation of fetal genes, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC; Fig. 1a,b). The gene discussed is NPPA; the disease is familial dilated cardiomyopathy.