The clinical parameters, including patients' gender, age, carcinogenetic risk factors (HBV or HCV carrier, smoking, and alcoholism), cancer aggressiveness (degree of vascular invasion and capsule invasion), histology grading, tumor size, and serological markers (alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin (Alb), bilirubin, creatinine (Cr), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) of the recruited HCC cohort are summarized in Table 1. Here, AFP is linked to cancer.