Prompted by the initital and unexpected observation that silencing of F2RL1 by RNA interference in PDAC-derived cells abrogated TGF-β1-dependent Smad2/3C phosphorylation, we pursued the hypothesis that PAR2 was required for TGF-β1-dependent cellular responses relevant for tumour progression such as migration/invasion and invasion associated gene expression. Here, SMAD2 is linked to neoplasm.