CCL2 and coinfection: Among individuals with HIV co-infection, the mean plasma levels of MCP-1 and exotoxin among individuals with CD4 count ≥500 cells/μL were 2.12 log pg/mL [standard deviation (SD): 0.21] and 1.78 log pg/mL (SD: 0.19), respectively, which were comparable to 2.09 log pg/mL (SD: 0.18) and 1.83 log pg/mL (SD: 0.27), respectively among those with CD4 count 200–499 cells/μL (P = 0.627 and P = 0.524, respectively).