Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated neuroinflammation figures centrally in a growing list of inflammatory and degenerative conditions of the central nervous system (CNS), including traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [1–4]. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is multiple sclerosis.