In human TB granulomas, MMP-1 expression is upregulated 606-fold compared with uninfected lung.28 Similarly, MMP-1 was the most potently upregulated gene in macrophages from patients who developed TB compared with those with latent disease.29 The effect of hypoxia was mimicked by chemically targeting the pathway with DMOG, which suggests that it may be possible to therapeutically manipulate the excess inflammatory response in TB using small molecules. Here, MMP1 is linked to tuberculosis.