SMAD2 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Staršíchová et al.19 found that EMT was induced by TGF-β1 treatment in BPH-1 cells and showed that TGF-β1 at 10 ng/ml could drive EMT in BPH-1 cells, while 0.1 ng/ml TGF-β1 could not induce EMT and only slightly induced phosphorylation of Smad2.