TNF and autoimmune disease: This is in line with the observation that numerous cytokines associated with autoimmune disease have been found to induce Tcon resistance to Treg suppression in mouse models and human disease: IL-6 (16, 31, 32, 45–49), TNFα (16, 25, 50), IL-15 (51–53), IL-21 (18, 47, 54, 55), IL-1β (56, 57), and IL-4 (58, 59) (Figure 1).