However, successful treatment of MS and RA/JIA symptoms using anti-IL-6 or anti-TNF therapy suggests that the cycle of Tcon cell resistance in vivo can be broken during ongoing disease (60, 63), and T cell-specific manipulation of PI3K/Akt pathway might be a future option for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and/or tumor immunotherapy. Here, TNF is linked to juvenile idiopathic arthritis.