Because TNF signals through both TNF-R1 (55 kDa) and TNF-R2 (75 kDa), it has been suggested that TNF-R2 signaling in trypanosomiasis mediates infection-associated pathology, whereas TNF-R1 signaling has little or no impact on the infection outcome (92). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1A and trypanosomiasis.