Furthermore, the western blot analysis with antibodies against RIG-I, STAT-1, and p-STAT-1 showed that they were all gradually up-regulated in response to infection with both viruses, indicating that either CVS-11 or HEP-Flury can engage RIG-I and IFN-α/β during the infection, resulting in the innate immune signaling (Figure 5E). Here, STAT1 is linked to infection.