GAD1 and epilepsy: GAD-antibodies may be found in patients with epilepsy in two different settings (Bien and Scheffer, 2011): (i) acute/subacute onset of seizures accompanied by variable degrees of cognitive and psychiatric disturbance, typically in association with MRI evidence of inflammation of mesial temporal structures (limbic encephalitis; Malter et al., 2010); and (ii) in patients with chronic epilepsy without clinical or MRI evidence of active CNS inflammation (Liimatainen et al., 2010).