INS and Alzheimer disease: This view was supported by post-mortem studies concluding that, compared to control subjects, senile plaques were less frequent and cerebrovascular pathology was more frequent in T2D patients [23,25]; in animal studies of diet-induced obesity with T2D cognitive impairment, brain atrophy, brain insulin resistance, neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, and deficits in cholinergic function were relatively mild compared to the expected AD related pathology [26,27,28].