Modest expression is seen in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and in the ependymal layer and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, the two areas in which neurogenesis takes place throughout life.41 Furthermore, rat models of transient brain ischemia have demonstrated dynamic upregulation of Pax6 expression with reactive astrogliosis, which is thought to represent a protective response to tissue injury.44 The results reported here directly demonstrate ongoing expression of PAX6 in adult cortex in a range of cell types for the first time in human subjects. Here, PAX6 is linked to brain ischemia.