TNF and Middle East respiratory syndrome: Mori et al. [13] found that the CSF level of IL-6 increased significantly in a child with rotavirus-related MERS, while serum level of interleukin-1β, IL-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α also increased in MERS children with Kawasaki disease [14], suggesting that the pathogenesis of MERS may involve the activation of the immune system.