INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Numerous studies have shown that compared to white women, black women have a higher prevalence of IR and T2D for the same BMI or waist circumference.17,19 These results are surprising, given that greater central and reduced peripheral FM were similarly associated with higher fasting insulin and HOMAIR values in both black and white women, a finding supported by similar studies in the USA.15,27 These findings suggest that other factors, in addition to body fat distribution, are important determinants of IR in black women.