TNF- is one of the effector molecules with pleiotropic effects released by natural cytotoxic cells as well as from antigen–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and helper T cells in the control of tumours and viral, bacterial, parasite and fungal infections (Richards, 1997 ▶; Depinay et al., 2011 ▶). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.