To evaluate the role of FRA-1 in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we performed orthotopic studies evaluating tumor growth of S2013.Neo and MIF cells with or without knockdown of FRA-1 expression, using 150,000 cells injected into the pancreas of immunodeficient female nude mice. Here, MIF is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.