OPN was also elevated in HCC (mean 86.98 ng/ml, SD 27.37 ng/ml; median 35.7ng/ml, IQR 17.4–51.6) compared to cirrhosis (29.47 ng/ml, SD 4.0 ng/ml; median 23.08 ng/ml, IQR 16.5–31.6), CLD (mean 25.72 ng/ml, SD 2.46 ng/ml; median 22.78 ng/ml, IQR 14.5–31.0;) and HC (mean 12.30 ng/ml, SD 0.77 ng/ml; median 11.7 ng/ml, IQR 6.9–1.6) (P < 0.01 for all). Here, SPP1 is linked to congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.