NOD2 triggered by muramyldipeptide induces autophagy in dendritic cells and defects in this pathway due to NOD2 or ATG16L1 risk variants in Crohn’s disease, another granulomatous disease, could result in defective lysosome-mediated destruction and immune-mediated clearance, thus enhancing bacterial persistence [31]. Here, ATG16L1 is linked to Crohn disease.