These findings may be utilized for the health promotion of the high-risk group for NAFLD (i.e., ALDH2*2 allele carriers with GGT ⩾25.5 IUl−1) and/or therapeutics for NAFLD (e.g., ALDH2 activation using Alda-1 for the high-risk group), although further investigations with a greater accumulation of subjects are needed before any definitive conclusions can be made. Here, ALDH2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.