VIP and neuroblastoma: Based on previous reports that VIP gene expression is induced in human neuroblastoma cells through activation of CRE and CyRE sites in its promoter9, 10, 11, 21, and that VIP and VPAC receptors are expressed on human first and third trimester trophoblast cells20, 23, we next explored if exogenous VIP could induce its own synthesis in Swan 71 first trimester trophoblast cells.