In the last decade the discover of new molecular targets has deeply modified treatment strategies for patients with advanced NSCLC harboring mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), that predict both a better response to EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs: gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib) and a longer progression-free survival which translates in increased overall survival. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.