MIF and neoplasm: MIF, known to promote tumourigenesis by inhibiting the classic tumour suppressor gene p53 [64], also stimulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, interferon-γ, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 in a positive feedback circuit [64] and therefore leads to an activation of several tumour-promoting pathways.