BRAF and melanoma: The analysis of melanomas from patients relapsed on BRAF inhibitor treatment revealed the vast complexity of the MAPK signaling network and over the last years a plethora of mechanisms have been identified that allow cells to bypass BRAF inhibition by activating other signaling nodes eventually re-establishing MEK activity and hence reactivation of ERK [for a detailed review see Lito et al., 2013], which is thought to occur in >70% of patients (Shi et al., 2014; Van Allen et al., 2014).