OPRM1 and cancer: One potential solution is to advance well-designed randomized-controlled trials on analgesic comparative effectiveness of combined partial mu-opioid receptor agonists (i.e., buprenorphine, which has less abuse liability than full mu-opioid receptor agonists) and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists [which have been shown to have analgesic efficacy in their own right but less abuse liability relative to full mu-opioid receptor agonists (23–30)], compared to full mu-opioid receptor agonists for treating chronic non-cancer pain.