SUMO1 and Parkinson disease: αSYN was shown to be modified by SUMO1 and SUMO2 in cultured cells and in mammalian brain, and SUMO1 was also found in the brain of PD patients at the periphery of LBs co-localizing with αSYN, which raises the possibility that the SUMO pathway plays a role in protein aggregation (Dorval and Fraser, 2006; Kim et al., 2011; Krumova et al., 2011).