Previous studies of anti-GITR treatment in flank tumor models have shown decreased intratumoral Treg infiltrate and elevated CD8+ relative to CD4 + Foxp3+ TIL, while studies of intracranial glioma treated with focal radiation with or without TNFR checkpoint stimulation also demonstrated elevated levels of CD4+ and CD8+ TIL [5, 6, 12, 14]. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF18 and neoplasm.