Taken together, group 1 comprised older children with profound immunosuppression, low proportions of naive and recent thymic emigrant CD4+ T cells, and high proportions of activated and proliferating CD4+ T cells; group 2 comprised younger children with less profound immunosuppression but high levels of inflammation and malnutrition; group 3 similarly comprised younger children with moderate immunosuppression, high TNF-α levels, and CD8 for age; whereas group 4 comprised older children with moderate immunosuppression, low viral loads, and low levels of inflammation. Here, TNF is linked to nutritional deficiency disease.