Including pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interlukin-6 (IL-6) and TNF-α, macrophages and myeloid DCs also produce large amounts of IL-10 during pathogens infection upon TLRs, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), C-type lectins and DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) ligation16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, which is critical to prevent over-activation of PRRs induced inflammatory responses. This evidence concerns the gene NOD2 and infection.