Interestingly, a more recent report from the same group showed that autophagy was involved in the PGG-induced senescence-like growth arrest, and that activation of MAPK8/9/10 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/9/10/c-Jun N-terminal kinases) was an essential upstream signal for autophagy to occur [120]; interestingly, these in vitro results were also validated in vivo in a xenograft mouse model of human HepG2 liver cancer. Here, MAPK8 is linked to liver cancer.