SPP1 protein expression was found in neurons, Lewy bodies and microglia of substantia nigra region in Parkinson’s disease, pyramidal neurons of hippocampus in Alzheimer’s disease (with increased levels relative to age-matched controls) and astrocytes within plaques and white matter of multiple sclerosis patients (with increased levels relative to controls) [55–57]. Here, SPP1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.