CASP3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: The protein expression of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), cleaved-caspase 7 (c-caspase 7), and cleaved-caspase 3 (c-caspase 3), which are biomarkers of apoptosis26, were all remarkably increased after treatment with LCA in NSCLC cells, while not in HELF cells (Fig. 2B).